Oman

The Ibadi imamate behind the Hajar mountains, and the two dynasties that grew out of it and went to sea. Oman is the one part of Arabia where an elected imamate was the normal form of the state for a thousand years, and the only one whose rulers ended up governing an African coast.

The line below is a time axis. Position on it is date, so concurrency is visible: concurrent polities sit side by side rather than in sequence.

1 sourced edge runs between this region and another, to Abbasid Caliphate. Those are not drawn on this line — a thread that crossed regions would assert a sequence nobody cited — but they are on each polity’s own page.