Method

Method reference

Boeing, G. 2019. Urban Spatial Order: Street Network Orientation, Configuration, and Entropy. Applied Network Science 4(1):67. DOI 10.1007/s41109-019-0189-1

Boeing measures the street network morphology of a hundred cities using OpenStreetMap: the entropy of street bearings, typical segment length, average circuity, average node degree, and the proportions of four-way intersections and dead-ends — plus the orientation-order indicator φ. What is done here is not simply applying that method to Indonesia; it is computing both networks for the same place and showing the gap.

How to read the plate

Two networks, one place

Drive: The streets a motor vehicle can use.
Walk: All of the above, plus gang, footpaths and steps.
Both: Edges present in both networks. The colour is not a choice: it is what the two inks make printed over one another.

Under each H is a distribution ruler: one faint tick per site across the observed range, and a heavy mark for this card’s site. Both modes share one axis, so the horizontal distance between the two marks is ΔH. The ruler shows position, not worth: neither end is better, and these sixteen sites were chosen on data completeness — they are not a sample of Indonesian urban form. Hover a card to light that site’s tick on every ruler.

Each street segment’s bearing goes into one of 36 bins of 10°, weighted by length: a 500 m road counts ten times a 50 m gang. Bar length is the share of network length running that way, not a count of segments. The rose is always 180°-symmetric, because one segment traversed both ways differs by exactly 180°. Boeing 2019 §3

Each metric starts largest-first and the name starts at A; “Reversed” turns that around. Density changes how much of each card is drawn, not what it says: the rose table stays available in all three.

The gap, at the 24 sites where coverage allows it

Among these, the 16 kampung gain 2.6 km–24.6 km of network on foot, and their dead-end proportion falls by 7.8%–8.8%. The 5 planned sites gain 8.3 km–25.3 km, with their dead-end proportion moving −8.1% to +1.3%.

The rest — 2 small towns and 1 colonial grid — belong to neither group above and their figures stand on their own. One thing to know about the small towns: part of their walking network is tagged path — rice-field tracks and public stairs — rather than gang between houses. Footway coverage cannot tell the two apart, and each site's card says so.

Parameters

Sampling radius: 800 m
Bin count: 36
Weighting: segment length
Tag mapping: default
Extract version: 2026-08-20T01:27:20Z / 2026-08-20T01:28:18Z / 2026-08-20T01:31:17Z / 2026-08-20T02:19:04Z / 2026-08-20T02:20:05Z / 2026-08-26T04:27:37Z / 2026-08-26T07:41:41Z / 2026-08-26T07:46:47Z / 2026-08-26T07:56:57Z / 2026-08-26T07:57:59Z / 2026-08-26T08:04:06Z / 2026-08-27T01:55:06Z
Sites: 33

Service roads count as drivable; gang (footway, path, steps) enter the walking network only.

Definitions

Orientation entropy — H: Shannon entropy of street bearings binned into 36 bins of 10°, length-weighted. H = −Σ P(i)·ln P(i). Its maximum is ln 36 ≈ 3.584 when every bin is equally occupied; a perfect grid gives ln 4 ≈ 1.386.
φ — orientation-order: φ = 1 − ((H − H_g) / (H_max − H_g))², with H_g = ln 4 and H_max = ln 36. φ = 1 is a single perfect grid, φ = 0 a perfectly disordered network. It measures how closely a network follows the logic of one grid — it is not a quality.
Circuity: Mean network distance over straight-line distance across a seeded sample of node pairs. It is ≥ 1 by definition; below 1 means the distance calculation is broken.
Average node degree: Degree sum over node count, counting edge ends. Ways are split at every junction, so node degree means intersection degree.
Four-way · dead-end: Proportion of nodes of degree exactly four, and of degree one. The degree proportions sum to exactly one, and that is asserted in the test suite.
Intersection density: Count of nodes of degree ≥ 3 per square kilometre of the sampling disc.
Footway coverage: Share of walking-network length carried by pedestrian-only classes — footway, path, pedestrian, steps, corridor. Below 15% a site is flagged thin; above 35% it is called good.

How the numbers are tested

There is no data oracle, but networks with known properties can be constructed. A perfect grid must give four populated bins and minimum entropy; the same grid rotated 29° must give identical entropy with shifted bins; a random geometric graph must approach maximum entropy; a pure tree must give its constructed dead-end proportion exactly. Every histogram must be 180°-symmetric — if it is not, the bearing computation is wrong. Circuity must be ≥ 1 on every sampled pair. All of it gates the build.

How big is a 3? Three networks whose answers are known

An entropy figure means nothing without a scale. These networks are constructed rather than measured from OpenStreetMap: their answers are known before any code runs, and the same pipeline measures them as measures a real site. The “should be” line is the known answer; the figure beside it is what was computed. The build fails if they disagree.

Perfect grid

H 1.386 · φ 1.00

should be: H = ln 4 ≈ 1.386 · φ = 1

Equal length running north–south and east–west: four bins occupied, the rest empty.

The same grid, rotated 29°

H 1.386 · φ 1.00

should be: H identical to the grid on its left

Exactly the same shape, turned. The entropy does not move — only the bins do. That is what it means for the measure to be rotation-invariant, and it is Boeing’s Manhattan at 29°.

Random geometric graph

H 3.577 · φ 0.01

should be: H approaching ln 36 ≈ 3.584

Random points joined when close: bearings are near-uniform, so entropy sits near its maximum.

ln 4 = 1.386 · ln 36 = 3.584 · 36 bin

Limitations

The headline finding depends on gang being mapped. 9 of the 33 sites here carry a thin-coverage flag, and for those the drive/walk gap cannot be read as a finding about the place. It is a finding about the data.

Tag interpretation is a modelling choice. The Assumptions page shows how far the numbers move when it is changed.

The sampling radius changes results, so it is fixed across the whole set and printed on every card.

No site is rated good or bad. Different morphologies serve different things; high connectivity is not universally better, and kampung-versus-perumahan carries class overtones in Indonesia that a scoring system would inflame. This describes; it does not score.

No routing, navigation or travel-time estimates. No demographic, income or land-value overlay. No policy recommendation.

How these sites were chosen

Candidates are measured before they are adopted, at the same radius (800 m) and under the same tag mapping (“default”) the pipeline uses — a survey that sampled differently would predict nothing. Selection is on data completeness only, never on the metrics: picking sites by their entropy would be choosing the finding in advance.

33 of 126 surveyed candidates clear the thin-coverage threshold (15%). Of the 6 candidates sought as gated perumahan, not one does — 0.9%–4.4%. The one that did reach the set came from the density search rather than from a list of guesses: 2 of the 3 gated sites now have adequate coverage. The kampung-versus-perumahan comparison rests on a number that small. And it is a statement about OpenStreetMap rather than about the places: the gang are unmapped, not absent.

Surveyed candidates, sorted by footway coverage, with whether each was adopted.
Candidate	Type	Footway coverage	Confidence	Status
jakarta-gambirGambir, Jakarta — found by density search: 11.0 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	46.4%	good	—The best-covered candidate ever surveyed, and 78% of its pedestrian length is inside Medan Merdeka. This measures a park, not a fabric.
bogor-suryakencanaBogor, the Suryakencana pecinan	Kampung kota	40.9%	good	—Around a third of the footway length inside this disc is inside the Kebun Raya. Garden paths are tagged like gang and counted like gang, so the figure measures the botanical garden rather than the fabric. Bogor is in the set at Empang, 1.4 km south, where the garden is 7% of the pedestrian length.
bandung-simpangSimpang, Bandung — found by density search: 10.2 km of mapped footway in the cell, 1% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	37.5%	good	—A quarter of its pedestrian length is inside green space, which is enough to make the coverage figure a statement about parks rather than about gang.
ubud-ubudUbud, Ubud — found by density search: 3.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 54% of it tagged path	From the density search	36.6%	good	—Ubud is already in the set. This centre is better covered and 1.7 km away.
depok-medina-town-houseMedina Town House, Depok — found by density search: 9.5 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	36.4%	good	adopted
kampung-braga-bandungBandung, behind Braga	Kampung kota	35.4%	good	adopted
bogor-panaraganPanaragan, Bogor — found by density search: 6.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 9% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	31.6%	moderate	—Nearly 30% of its pedestrian length is inside green space, and Bogor is already in the set at Empang, where the same figure is a tenth of that.
kota-baru-pantai-indah-kapukPantai Indah Kapuk	New town	31.5%	moderate	adopted
ubud-sayanSayan, Ubud — found by density search: 2.0 km of mapped footway in the cell, 76% of it tagged path	From the density search	27.4%	moderate	—Ubud is already in the set.
tanjungpinang-kampung-bugisKampung Bugis, Tanjungpinang — found by density search: 1.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 26% of it tagged path	From the density search	27.3%	moderate	adopted
kampung-kotagedeKotagede, the old Mataram core	Kampung kota	26.2%	moderate	adopted
balikpapan-sepinggan-rayaSepinggan Raya, Balikpapan — found by density search: 1.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	26.1%	moderate	—Clears the threshold on 26% coverage with no park in it, and is held back only because its morphology cannot be established from the map. Serially named streets in a residential grid read as planned housing, but nothing in OpenStreetMap says whether it is gated, and the difference is the whole of what `perumahan` means in this set. A better answer than a guessed label is this sentence.
pekanbaru-pekanbaruPekanbaru, Pekanbaru — found by density search: 1.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	23.4%	moderate	—Clears at 23.4% with no park, and is held back because most of that length is `path` and `track` carrying names like Tanjakan Harga Diri and Rute Pesantren — trails rather than gang. Coverage counts them the same; this set should not.
jakarta-menteng-atasMenteng Atas, Jakarta — found by density search: 5.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 27% of it tagged path	From the density search	23.1%	moderate	—Jakarta already holds six discs, now including Kebayoran Baru.
depok-pondok-cinaPondok Cina, Depok — found by density search: 6.4 km of mapped footway in the cell, 19% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	22.7%	moderate	—A third of its pedestrian length is inside green space, and Depok is in the set at Cipayung.
palangkaraya-palangkaPalangka, Palangka Raya — found by density search: 6.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	21.9%	moderate	adopted
bukittinggi-jam-gadangBukittinggi, the highland market town around the Jam Gadang	Kampung kota	21.2%	moderate	adopted
yogyakarta-kampung-ketandanKampung Ketandan, Yogyakarta — found by density search: 6.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 6% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	20.9%	moderate	—Yogyakarta already holds three discs, now including Pathuk.
palu-lasoaniLasoani, Palu — found by density search: 3.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	20.7%	moderate	adopted
bogor-empangBogor, the Empang kampung south of the pecinan	Kampung kota	19.7%	moderate	adopted
bandung-pelindung-hewanPelindung Hewan, Bandung — found by density search: 5.3 km of mapped footway in the cell, 3% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	18.9%	moderate	—Over a quarter of its pedestrian length is inside green space, and Bandung is already represented by Braga and Cihapit.
mataram-lingk-sukaraja-timurLingk. Sukaraja Timur, Mataram — found by density search: 3.0 km of mapped footway in the cell, 96% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	17.6%	moderate	—Mataram is already in the set at Gapuk Utara.
bandung-garudaGaruda, Bandung — found by density search: 5.0 km of mapped footway in the cell, 79% of it tagged path	From the density search	17.5%	moderate	—Bandung already holds Braga and Cihapit.
bengkulu-kandang-limunKandang Limun, Bengkulu — found by density search: 2.0 km of mapped footway in the cell, 6% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	17.2%	moderate	—Over a quarter of its pedestrian length is inside green space, and Bengkulu is in the set at Penurunan.
kampung-malang-kayutanganKayutangan, Malang	Kampung kota	17.2%	moderate	adopted
malang-mulyorejoMulyorejo, Malang — found by density search: 3.3 km of mapped footway in the cell, 79% of it tagged path	From the density search	17.2%	moderate	—Malang is already in the set at Kayutangan.
bogor-kebon-pedesKebon Pedes, Bogor — found by density search: 4.1 km of mapped footway in the cell, 2% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	16.4%	moderate	—Bogor is already in the set at Empang.
yogyakarta-tamantirtoTamantirto, Yogyakarta — found by density search: 3.2 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path	From the density search	16.3%	moderate	—Yogyakarta already holds Code, Kotagede and Pathuk.
kampung-ubudUbud, where the paths are mapped for walkers	Kampung kota	15.8%	moderate	adopted
bengkulu-penurunanPenurunan, Bengkulu — found by density search: 1.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 50% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	15.8%	moderate	adopted
surabaya-jagirJagir, Surabaya — found by density search: 4.8 km of mapped footway in the cell, 5% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	15.4%	moderate	—More than half of its pedestrian length is inside green space. It clears the coverage threshold on a park.
singkawang-singkawangSingkawang, Singkawang — found by density search: 3.2 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	15.4%	moderate	adopted
bogor-bantarjatiBogor, Bantarjati — dense kampung north of the garden	Kampung kota	15.2%	moderate	—Bogor is already in the set at Empang.
kampung-kali-code-utaraKali Code, north of the bridge	Kampung kota	14.9%	thin	—
tanjungpinang-sei-jangSei Jang, Tanjungpinang — found by density search: 2.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	14.7%	thin	—
malang-penanggunganPenanggungan, Malang — found by density search: 3.8 km of mapped footway in the cell, 3% of it tagged path	From the density search	14.5%	thin	—
mataram-ampenanAmpenan, Lombok — the old port town, remapped after 2018	Colonial grid	14.5%	thin	—
banjarmasin-kuripanKuripan, Banjarmasin — found by density search: 3.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 42% of it tagged path	From the density search	14.0%	thin	—
kupang-oepuraOepura, Kupang — found by density search: 1.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 99% of it tagged path	From the density search	13.9%	thin	—
pontianak-bansir-lautBansir Laut, Pontianak — found by density search: 2.4 km of mapped footway in the cell, 5% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	13.8%	thin	—
magelang-cacabanCacaban, Magelang — found by density search: 3.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 27% of it tagged path	From the density search	13.3%	thin	—
denpasar-sumerta-kelodSumerta Kelod, Denpasar — found by density search: 6.5 km of mapped footway in the cell, 1% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	13.1%	thin	—
semarang-pekundenPekunden, Semarang — found by density search: 4.4 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	12.9%	thin	—
parepare-ujung-buluUjung Bulu, Parepare — found by density search: 3.1 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	12.8%	thin	—
makassar-losariLosari, Makassar — found by density search: 3.5 km of mapped footway in the cell, 5% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	12.5%	thin	—
kediri-paronParon, Kediri — found by density search: 3.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	12.4%	thin	—
bogor-sukasariSukasari, Bogor — found by density search: 3.4 km of mapped footway in the cell, 49% of it tagged path	From the density search	12.4%	thin	—
yogyakarta-pogung-baruPogung Baru, Yogyakarta — found by density search: 3.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 9% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	12.2%	thin	—
tanjungpinang-bukit-cerminBukit Cermin, Tanjungpinang — found by density search: 2.4 km of mapped footway in the cell, 99% of it tagged path	From the density search	12.1%	thin	—
gorontalo-tapaTapa, Gorontalo — found by density search: 1.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	11.8%	thin	—
banjarmasin-pangeranPangeran, Banjarmasin — found by density search: 2.4 km of mapped footway in the cell, 87% of it tagged path	From the density search	11.6%	thin	—
mataram-lingk-seganteng-karang-gebangLingk. Seganteng Karang Gebang, Mataram — found by density search: 1.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 88% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	11.5%	thin	—
banjarmasin-telawangTelawang, Banjarmasin — found by density search: 2.2 km of mapped footway in the cell, 87% of it tagged path	From the density search	11.5%	thin	—
depok-depok-jayaDepok Jaya, Depok — found by density search: 4.8 km of mapped footway in the cell, 95% of it tagged path	From the density search	11.2%	thin	—
surabaya-airlanggaAirlangga, Surabaya — found by density search: 5.1 km of mapped footway in the cell, 6% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	11.0%	thin	—
cirebon-kejaksanKejaksan, Cirebon — found by density search: 4.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 4% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	10.8%	thin	—
samarinda-harapan-baruHarapan Baru, Samarinda — found by density search: 1.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 41% of it tagged path	From the density search	10.7%	thin	—
medan-kampung-madrasKampung Madras, Medan — found by density search: 3.1 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	10.5%	thin	—
jakarta-pasar-manggisPasar Manggis, Jakarta — found by density search: 3.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 47% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	10.4%	thin	—
parepare-cappagalungCappagalung, Parepare — found by density search: 1.5 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	9.8%	thin	—
cirebon-kalijagaKalijaga, Cirebon — found by density search: 2.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 37% of it tagged path	From the density search	9.7%	thin	—
mataram-lingk-pagesangan-selatanLingk. Pagesangan Selatan, Mataram — found by density search: 2.1 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	9.7%	thin	—
pontianak-betingPontianak, Kampung Beting on the Kapuas	Kampung kota	9.6%	thin	—
jember-jemberJember, Jember — found by density search: 3.3 km of mapped footway in the cell, 1% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	9.5%	thin	—
kampung-legianLegian, gang between the lanes	Kampung kota	9.2%	thin	—
kendari-korumbaKorumba, Kendari — found by density search: 1.8 km of mapped footway in the cell, 57% of it tagged path	From the density search	9.1%	thin	—
pekanbaru-pelita-pantaiPelita Pantai, Pekanbaru — found by density search: 2.8 km of mapped footway in the cell, 1% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	8.9%	thin	—
sanur-denpasarSanur, where the beach path and the gang were mapped for walkers	Kampung kota	8.8%	thin	—
banda-aceh-kampungbaruKampungbaru, Banda Aceh — found by density search: 2.2 km of mapped footway in the cell, 4% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	8.7%	thin	—
medan-kesawanMedan, the Kesawan shophouse street and its blocks	Colonial grid	8.6%	thin	—
palangkaraya-mentengMenteng, Palangka Raya — found by density search: 2.4 km of mapped footway in the cell, 1% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	8.5%	thin	—
surabaya-gebang-putihGebang Putih, Surabaya — found by density search: 2.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 3% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	8.4%	thin	—
pekanbaru-pasar-loketPasar Loket, Pekanbaru — found by density search: 1.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 2% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	8.2%	thin	—
cirebon-kalikoaKalikoa, Cirebon — found by density search: 3.3 km of mapped footway in the cell, 7% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	8.2%	thin	—
denpasar-sumertaSumerta, Denpasar — found by density search: 3.4 km of mapped footway in the cell, 70% of it tagged path	From the density search	7.8%	thin	—Denpasar is already in the set at Sanur Kaja.
madiun-klegenKlegen, Madiun — found by density search: 2.3 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	7.8%	thin	—
denpasar-ubungUbung, Denpasar — found by density search: 2.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 15% of it tagged path	From the density search	7.7%	thin	—
kampung-cicadas-bandungCicadas, Bandung	Kampung kota	7.5%	thin	—
bekasi-pondok-kopiPondok Kopi, Bekasi — found by density search: 4.3 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path	From the density search	7.4%	thin	—
manado-banjerBanjer, Manado — found by density search: 1.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	7.4%	thin	—
kota-baru-batam-nagoyaBatam, Nagoya — the unplanned centre of a planned island	New town	7.3%	thin	—
kampung-pakualamanYogyakarta, inside the Pakualaman walls	Kampung kota	7.3%	thin	—
banda-aceh-bandarbaruBandarbaru, Banda Aceh — found by density search: 1.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	7.3%	thin	—
malang-merjosariMerjosari, Malang — found by density search: 3.0 km of mapped footway in the cell, 4% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	7.3%	thin	—
surakarta-jebresJebres, Surakarta — found by density search: 2.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path	From the density search	6.9%	thin	—
manado-kairagi-iiKairagi II, Manado — found by density search: 1.5 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	6.9%	thin	—
kampung-denpasar-gemehDenpasar, Gemeh	Kampung kota	6.9%	thin	—
surakarta-purwosariPurwosari, Surakarta — found by density search: 1.8 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	6.7%	thin	—
semarang-barusariBarusari, Semarang — found by density search: 1.8 km of mapped footway in the cell, 3% of it tagged path	From the density search	6.6%	thin	—
palangkaraya-panarungPanarung, Palangka Raya — found by density search: 1.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	6.6%	thin	—
salatiga-pancuranPancuran, Salatiga — found by density search: 2.6 km of mapped footway in the cell, 31% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	6.6%	thin	—
kampung-kebon-kacangKebon Kacang, behind Tanah Abang	Kampung kota	6.5%	thin	—
kampung-prawirotamanYogyakarta, dense kampung behind the guesthouses	Kampung kota	6.4%	thin	—
banjarmasin-kuinBanjarmasin, Kuin — a settlement whose streets are partly canals	Kampung kota	6.4%	thin	—
semarang-cabeanCabean, Semarang — found by density search: 1.9 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	5.2%	thin	—
kampung-ketandan-soloSurakarta, Pasar Gede area	Kampung kota	5.1%	thin	—
banda-aceh-dusun-baratDusun Barat, Banda Aceh — found by density search: 1.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 0% of it tagged path, park in cell	From the density search	5.0%	thin	—
manado-pasar-45Manado, the Pasar 45 quarter	Colonial grid	5.0%	thin	—
surakarta-jajarJajar, Surakarta — found by density search: 1.8 km of mapped footway in the cell, 5% of it tagged path	From the density search	5.0%	thin	—
ambon-kotaAmbon, the town centre between the bay and the hills	Colonial grid	4.8%	thin	—
ternate-kotaTernate, the town between the fort and the volcano	Kampung kota	4.5%	thin	—
solo-baluwartiSurakarta, Baluwarti — the kampung inside the kraton walls	Kampung kota	4.4%	thin	—
perumahan-summarecon-bekasiSummarecon Bekasi	Perumahan cluster	4.4%	thin	—
perumahan-bintaro-sektor-9Bintaro Jaya sektor 9	Perumahan cluster	4.3%	thin	—
surabaya-tunjunganSurabaya, Tunjungan — the commercial spine	Colonial grid	4.1%	thin	—
aceh-peunayongBanda Aceh, the Peunayong shophouse quarter — rebuilt and remapped after 2004	Colonial grid	3.9%	thin	—
cirebon-kanomanCirebon, the kampung around the Kanoman kraton and market	Kampung kota	3.8%	thin	—
kota-baru-batam-centreBatam Centre, the administrative core laid out from nothing	New town	3.4%	thin	—
kupang-kota-lamaKupang, the old town by the bay	Colonial grid	3.4%	thin	—
padang-kota-tuaPadang, the old town on the Batang Arau	Colonial grid	3.1%	thin	—
kampung-puloKampung Pulo, Jatinegara	Kampung kota	2.7%	thin	—
medan-pasar-merah-baratPasar Merah Barat, Medan — found by density search: 2.5 km of mapped footway in the cell, 4% of it tagged path	From the density search	2.6%	thin	—
kampung-ciliwung-bukit-duriBukit Duri, on the Ciliwung	Kampung kota	2.5%	thin	—
perumahan-sentul-citySentul City	Perumahan cluster	2.3%	thin	—
perumahan-lippo-karawaciLippo Karawaci, Tangerang	Perumahan cluster	2.1%	thin	—
kampung-lawang-seketengPeneleh / Lawang Seketeng, Surabaya	Kampung kota	2.1%	thin	—
palembang-7-uluPalembang, the Musi south bank at 7 Ulu	Kampung kota	1.8%	thin	—
kampung-ampel-surabayaAmpel, Surabaya	Kampung kota	1.6%	thin	—
perumahan-citralandCitraLand, Surabaya	Perumahan cluster	1.4%	thin	—
kampung-semarang-kaumanKauman, Semarang	Kampung kota	1.1%	thin	—
kolonial-kota-lama-surabayaSurabaya, the old European quarter	Colonial grid	1.0%	thin	—
perumahan-kota-wisataKota Wisata, Cibubur	Perumahan cluster	0.9%	thin	—
cakranegara-mataramCakranegara, Lombok — a pre-colonial planned grid, laid out on a Balinese ward plan	Colonial grid	0.9%	thin	—
balikpapan-klandasanBalikpapan, Klandasan — the oil town grid, and IKN’s nearest city	New town	0.1%	thin	—
jayapura-kotaJayapura, the centre on its shelf of flat ground	Colonial grid	0.0%	thin	—
ubud-ubudUbud, Ubud — found by density search: 1.7 km of mapped footway in the cell, 100% of it tagged path	From the density search	0.0%	thin	—Ubud is already in the set. This centre is better covered and 1.7 km away.

A candidate below the threshold is not quietly discarded — it is measured, recorded, and shown here. Adding a well-mapped perumahan cluster, or mapping one, remains the single most useful thing anyone could do to this project.

Download the candidate survey (JSON, ODbL)

Data and licence

Street geometry comes from OpenStreetMap, © OpenStreetMap contributors, available under the Open Database License (ODbL) 1.0. The geometry and metrics emitted here are a derived database, so they carry ODbL and are offered under the same terms.

openstreetmap.org/copyright · ODbL 1.0

Extracts are fetched at build time, never at page load. After the first load this page makes no network request at all.

Take the data

Share-alike means this derived database is not merely attributed but offered. These are the same files these pages were rendered from.

manifest.json — parameters and metrics for every site, without the geometry
menteng.json Menteng
kota-tua-jakarta.json Kota Tua
kota-lama-semarang.json Kota Lama
kampung-bendungan-hilir.json Kampung Bendungan Hilir
kampung-melayu.json Kampung Melayu
kampung-code.json Kampung Code
kampung-lette.json Kampung Lette
kampung-braga.json Kampung Braga
kotagede.json Kotagede
kayutangan.json Kayutangan
pantai-indah-kapuk.json Pantai Indah Kapuk
bsd-cluster.json BSD City — kluster
alam-sutera.json Alam Sutera
gading-serpong.json Gading Serpong
panakkukang.json Panakkukang
empang.json Empang
pasar-atas.json Pasar Atas
ubud.json Ubud
kebayoran-baru.json Kebayoran Baru
cihapit.json Cihapit
pathuk.json Pathuk
kesepuhan.json Kesepuhan
sanur-kaja.json Sanur Kaja
gadang.json Gadang
gapuk-utara.json Gapuk Utara
hamadi.json Hamadi
cipayung-depok.json Cipayung
kampung-bugis-tanjungpinang.json Kampung Bugis
palangka.json Palangka
lasoani.json Lasoani
penurunan.json Penurunan
singkawang-tengah.json Singkawang Tengah
ikn-inti.json IKN — Kawasan Inti